History of Nusantara

Nusantara was big, it was a big nation in Southeast Asia. What happened with Nusantara nowadays?, here is the explanation.

Nusantara is a Javanese word which appears in the Pararaton manuscript. In Javanese, Nusantara means "outer islands", from nūsa, meaning "island" and antara, "within". Based on the Majapahit concept of state, the monarch had the power over three areas:

1. Negara Agung, or the Grand State, the core kingdom. This includes the capital and the surrounding area. In the context of the Majapahit empire, this area covered East Java and its surrounding area.
2. Mancanegara, areas surrounding Negara Agung. These areas are directly influenced by Javanese culture. In the context of Majapahit empire, this includes the entire Java island, Madura, Bali, as well as Lampung and Palembang in South Sumatra.
3. Nusantara, areas which do not reflect Javanese culture, but are colonies where they had to pay tribute. In the context of Majapahit empire,

In 4th century, there was Kutai Martadipura kingdom which was Hindu kingdom. Kutai took place in Muara Kama, East Kalimantan. Kutai Martadipura collapsed when King Dharma Setia passed away in war.

Meanwhile, in Java on 4th - 7th centuries there was Taruma kingdom / Tarumanegara which ruled in west side of Java.

In 6th century, there was Kalingga kingdom on the north coast of Central Java or in Tan Dynasty, Kallingga also known as Ho-ling

Then around 600s, there was Dharmasraya Kingdom / Jambi Kingdom / Melayu Kingdom. Then in in 692, Dharmasraya Kingdom "absorbed" by Sriwijawa/Srivijaya Kingdom. 

Sriwijaya Kingdom was big at that time, their territory from Cambodia, South Thailand, Malaya Peninsula, Sumatra, West Java and Central Java. Sriwijaya collapsed around 1200s. 

While:

• Kahuripan Kingdom ruled in East Java around 1006 - 1045
• Bali Kingdom ruled in Bali and nearby around 914 - 1908
• Sunda Kingdom ruled Banten, Jakarta, West Java and Western part of Central Java in 669 - 1579
• Medang / Mataram Kingdom, based on Central Java and later on East Java from 8th - 10th C
• Kediri Kingdom / Kadiri, based on East Java around 1042 - 1222
• Dharmasraya Kingdom is the capital and also the name of the 11th century Malay Buddhist kingdom based on the Batanghari river system in modern-day Jambi and West Sumatra, on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. The kingdom itself could be identified by the name of its capital Dharmasraya or by the name Bhumi Malayu or Suvarnnabhumi according to Padang Roco inscription. The reference to the name Malayu signify that the kingdom is located on previously older Malayu kingdom area prior being absorbed into Srivijayan mandala c. late 7th century, thus suggesting that Dharmasraya was the successor of Malayu. Dharmasraya became an independent kingdom after the downfall of Srivijaya in 1025.
• Singhasari Kingdom was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 (today Indonesia). The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as the dominant kingdom in eastern Java. The kingdom's name cognate to Singosari district of Malang Regency, located several kilometres north of Malang city.

In 1293–1527, the Majapahit Empire was a vast archipelagic empire based on the island of Java. Majapahit reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 was marked by conquest which extended through Southeast Asia. His achievement is also credited to his prime minister, Gajah Mada. According to the Nagarakretagama (Desawarñana) written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea; consisting of present-day Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, southern Thailand, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, and East Timor, although the true nature of Majapahit sphere of influence is still the subject of studies among historians.

In the end, Nusantara was collapsed. With the entranced of colonization within Nusantara territory.  

• Brunei Sultanate conquered by Sriwijaya Kingdom then ruled North Kalimantan and Philippines. Afterwards, Sriwijaya conquered by Majapahit empire, then Brunei colonized by UK. After the war between UK - Brunei, they made agreement. January 1st, 1984, Brunei became independent state.
• Malaysia colonized by UK
• In 1965, Singapore released from Malaysia and become independent state.
• Philippines colonized by Spain
• Indonesia colonized by:
• Spain landed in North Sulawesi
• Portuguese, most Indonesia part.
• In Lamno, Aceh, there are Portuguese descent, their hair is blonde and their eyes are blue.
• In 1515, landed in Timor Timur
• Dutch / Holand
• Japan
• In 2002, Timor Timur released from Indonesia as independent state and become Timor Leste

In conclusion, from all of that, why Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei has similar language it because from long history. The language of Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore more Malay, while the language of Indonesia which is Bahasa Indonesia is combined from many languages which are: All regional languages in Indonesia, Malay, Dutch, English, Arabic.

However, the language of Timor Leste is Tetum it is combined between Portuguese and Malay but people there also can speak Bahasa Indonesia.

I give you examples of Malay and Bahasa Indonesia:

apa = what, but Malay pronounce like , a-pe while Bahasa Indonesia is a-pa

cantik = beautiful, if Malay pronouce like can-tek, Bahasa Indonesia is can-tik

can in Malay and Bahasa Indonesia means = boleh, bisa

Malaysian usually use 'boleh' while Indonesia 'bisa', but 'bisa' in Indonesia is ambigous. 'Bisa' in Indonesia also mean 'racun' which means poison.

ex: 

1. Ular berbisa 

2. Ular beracun 

But when it turns to English it becomes

1. Venomous snake

2. Posionous snake